Yiziphi izigaba zabakhulu bezimonyo

Ama-Fireners yisakhiwo seSkeleton kanye nesisekelo esiyisisekelo sezinto ezahlukahlukene zezimonyo, futhi zibalulekile ekubukekeni, izimbotshana zomzimba, ukuzizwa kwesikhumba nemikhiqizo. Khetha okusetshenziswa kaningi futhi okumele izinhlobo ezahlukene zabakhulu, zilungiselele izisombululo ezinamanzi ezinokugxila okuhlukile, zivivinye izingxenye zazo zomzimba nezomakhemikhali ezinjengokusobala kanye nokubukeka kwezikhumba okuhlosiwe ukubheka ukubukeka kwazo, ukucaca, kanye nemizwa eminingi yesikhumba ngesikhathi nangemva kwesikhumba ngesikhathi nangemva kwesikhumba. Ukuhlolwa kwemizwa kwenziwa ngezinkomba, futhi izincwadi zafuzwa ukufingqa futhi zifingqa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zabakhulu, ezinganikeza inkomba ethile yokwakheka kweforomu ye-cosmetic.

1. Ukuchazwa kwe-sikhulu

Kunezinto eziningi ezingasetshenziswa njengabakhulu. Ngokombono wesisindo se-molecular esihlobene, kukhona abakhudlwana abasemahlombe aphansi kanye nabakhudlwana abaphakeme; Ngokombono wamaqembu asebenzayo, kukhona ama-electrolyte, ama-alcohols, ama-anquy, ama-carboxylic acid nama-esters, njll. Linda. Abakhudlwana bahlukaniswa ngokwendlela yokwahlukaniswa kwezinto zokwakha izimonyo.

1. Isisindo esiphansi se-molecular might

1.1.1 usawoti we-inorganic

Uhlelo olusebenzisa usawoti olungaphakathi njengoMkhulu ngokuvamile luyisistimu yesisombululo samanzi. I-Inorganic kasawoti esetshenziswa kakhulu isetshenziswa kakhulu yi-sodium chloride, enomphumela osobala wokuqina. Ama-surfactants akha izici ezikhangisweni ezinamanzi, futhi ukuba khona kwama-electrolyte kwandisa inani lezinhlangano zeMicelles, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwemisebenzi eyi-spherical ku-REDLELES, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwandisa ukubonakala kohlelo. Kodwa-ke, lapho i-electrolyte yeqile ngokweqile, izothinta isakhiwo se-micellar, inciphise ukumelana nokunyakaza, futhi inciphise ukubonwa kohlelo, okuthiwa okubizwa ngokuthi "usawoti okuthiwa". Ngakho-ke, inani le-electrolyte elingeziwe ngokuvamile lingu-1% -2% ngobuningi, futhi lisebenza kanye nezinye izinhlobo zabakhulu ukwenza uhlelo luzinzile.

1.1.2 Amafutha Alcohols, Amafutha acid

Amafutha Alcohols nama-Acid anamafutha ayizinto eziphilayo ezinamabala. Ezinye izindatshana zibabheka njengezikhonzi ezingekho emthethweni ngoba zinamaqembu e-lipophilic namaqembu ama-hydrophilic. Ukuba khona kwenani elincane lezinto eziphilayo ezinjalo kunomthelela omkhulu ekuxineni komhlaba, i-OMC nakwezinye ezinye izakhiwo ze-surffantant, kanti usayizi womphumela wanda ngobude be-carbon chain, ngokuvamile ebudlelwaneni bekhabhoni. Isimiso saso sesenzo ukuthi ama-Fatty Alcohols kanye nama-acid anamafutha angafaka (Joyina) Micelles ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kweMicelles. Umphumela we-hydrogen bonder phakathi kwamakhanda ama-polar) wenza ama-molecule amabili ahlelwe kakhulu ebusweni, okuguqula kakhulu izakhiwo zeMicelles e-Surfiant futhi zifezekisa umphumela wokuqina.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabakhulu

2.1 Ama-Surfactants An-ionic

2.1.1 Usawoti we-Inorganic

I-Sodium Chloride, i-potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, i-monoethanolamine chloride, i-diethanolamine chloride, i-sodium sulfate, i-disodium phologen phosphate kanye ne-sodium tripolyphosphate, njll;

2.1.2 Amafutha Alcohols kanye nama-Acid Acid

I-Lauchl Alcohol, i-MyRistyl Alcohol, C12-15 Utshwala, C12-15 Utshwala, I-DECYL ALCOHOL, I-OCYLL ACOLOCK, IBEENLIC ACOLOCK, IBEENLING ACOLOCK, I-Steary OLD

2.1.3 Alkanolamides

Coco diethanolamide, coco monoethanolamide, cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl diethanolamide, i-Istearyl-diethanolamide, i-linoleary diethanolamide, i-bardamom diasanolamide, uwoyela I-DIETHANOLAMIDE, Palm Monoethanolamide, Sesame Diathanolamide, Stearbean Diethanolamide, Steary Loko (polyethylene glycol) -3 I-Lauramide, Peg-4 i-Oleeamide, Peg-50 Tallow Amide, njll;

2.1.4

I-CETYL Polyoxyethylelene (3), i-Isocetyl Polyoxyethylenenene (10), uLauryl Polyoxyethyleneene (10), i-etherl polyoxyethylene (10), i-etherl-pulyoxypropylenevenenene (10), i-ethetsox-n (ethexxer-polyoxypropylene enether) (n = 105, 124, 338, 407 ,,,,

2.1.5 Esters

I-PEG-80 Glykeryl Tallow Ester, Pel-8pppg (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 diisostearate, Peg-200 hydrogeneated glyceryl palmitate, Peg -4 (n = 6, 8, 8, 6, 4, 8, 8, 4, 8, 3, 4, 8, 0lyceryll Oleate / cocoate, Peg-8 dioleate, isikhonkwane u-glyceryl, isikhonkwane u-oyili we-glyceryl shea, isikhonkwane u-glyceryl shea, Peg-3) u-glucose dioleate, Peg-150 Pentaerrythritol Stearate, I-PEG-55 POPLYCOL Glycol Oleate, PEG-NORLBIGATAN TRIisostuarate, Peg-N (N = 8, 75, 100) Stearate, Peg-150 / I-Plycol-150 / I-Methacrylate Copolymer), PEG-150 / STYL / SMDI COPOLYMER, PEGDICH. I-Iscearate, PEG-8PPG-3 I-MyRurate, CETYL MyRistate, C18-36, Pentaerythritol Stearate, BentonLery Stearate, Plyceryl Ester, Glyceryl TrihydroxySteate, njll.;

2.1.6 Amine oxides

I-MyRistyl Amine onide, iSoutearyl Aminopropyl Amine Aminopropyl Amine Amine Oxide, i-Sweat Germ Aminopropyl Amine Onide, i-Soybean Aminopropyl Amine Oxide, njll.

2.2 Ama-Amphoteric Surphactants

I-CETYL BANATINE, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, njll;

2.3 I-Anionic Surfactants

Potassium oleate, potassium stearate, njll;

2.4 ama-polymers ancibilikayo

2.4.1 cellulose

I-Cellulose, Cellulose Gum, Carboxymethyyl Hydroxyethyl cellulose, i-cysyl hydroxyyethyl celtuleose, i-ethylloxyproseyllls, i-hydroxypropylllose, i-hydroxypropylllose, i-hydroxypropyllles, i-hydroxypropylllose, i-cardoxypropyl methyl, njr.

2.4.2 polyoxyethylelene

Peg-n (n = 5m, 9m, 23m, 45m, 90m, 160m), njll;

2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid

I-ACRYLates / C10-30 ALKYL ACRYLATE CROSPOLYMER, ACRYLates / CETYL ETHEXY (20) ITCOXY (20) ITRCONATE COPOLYMER, ACRYLATES / TETRADECYL (ACRYLATE / Ocrylate Copolymer, 20) ITACONE I-Copolymer, i-acrylates / ocrylane / ocrylane ethoxy (20) Methacrylate Copolymer, acrylate / Ocaryl Ezoxy (50) acrylate Copolymer, PAA ACRYLATE / VINYL / VASTRELERE / VINYL COSTRECANOATE, POOA (Polyacrylic acid, acidl isodecanoate crosslinkled polymer, carbomer (polycrylic acid) kanye usawoti we-sodium, njll;

2.4.4 Irabha Yezemvelo Nemikhiqizo Yayo Eguquliwe

I-Alginnic acid kanye (i-ammonium, i-calcium, i-potassium) usawoti, i-pectin, i-adwaluronate ye-sodium, i-catioxypropyl gum, i-cardroxypropyl gum, i-cardwan, i-sodium) usawoti, i-xanthan gum, i-sclerotin gum, njll;

2.4.5 ama-polymers e-inorganic nemikhiqizo yawo eguquliwe

I-Magnesium Aluminium Silicate, Silica, Sodium Magnesium Silicate, Hydrate Silica, Montmorillonite, Stearmorillonite, Stearyl ammonium Hectomite, Quernary ammonium Holtomite, 8.0 Montmorillonite, Quaternary ammonium -18 Montmorillonite, I-Quaternary Ammonium -18 Hectomite, njll;

2.4.6 abanye

I-PVM / MA DeCadiene CrassLinked Polymer (Crossinked Polymer of Polyvinyl Methyl Ether / Methyl Acrylate kanye ne-Devadiene), Pvp (Polyvinylppyrolidone), njll.

2.5 Ama-Surfactants

2.5.1 I-Alkanolamides

Okusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-coconut diethanolamide. I-Alkanolamides iyahambisana nama-electrolyte wokuqina futhi anikeze imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Indlela yokuqina ye-Alkanolamides ukuxhumana okuphathelene neMicelles ye-Anionic Surfactant ukwakha uketshezi olungelona neNew-Newtonia. Ama-alkanolamides ahlukahlukene ahlukile ekusebenzeni, futhi imiphumela yawo nayo ihlukile lapho isetshenziswa yedwa noma inhlanganisela. Ezinye izindatshana zibika izakhiwo ezikhulisa kanye namagwebu ama-alkanolamides ahlukene. Muva nje, kubikwa ukuthi i-Alkanolamides inengozi engaba khona yokukhiqiza ama-nitrosamic we-carcinogenic lapho yenziwa izimonyo. Phakathi kokungcola kwama-alkanolamides yimithombo yamahhala, okuyimithombo yama-nitrosami. Okwamanje akukho mbono osemthethweni ovela embonini yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ukuthi ungavimba ama-alkanolamides kwezimonyo.

2,5.2 Abaphathi

Ekwakhiweni okunamafutha anotshwala i-polyoxyethylenelene ether sulfate (AES) njengento esemqoka esebenzayo, ngokuvamile usawoti kuphela ongasetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-viscosity efanele. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kotshwala obunamafutha obunamafutha e-Ethexy, e-AES, okunikezela kakhulu ekukhuzeni kwesisombululo esisebenzayo. Ucwaningo olunzulu luthole ukuthi: Izinga elijwayelekile le-ethxylation limayelana ne-3eo noma u-10eo ukuze adlale indima engcono kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuqina wotshwala onamafutha ethaXylates unakho okuningi ukukwenza ngobubanzi bokusatshalaliswa kotshwala obungelona iqiniso kanye namakhaya aqukethwe kwimikhiqizo yabo. Lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwe-homolols kubanzi, umphumela wokuqina womkhiqizo awumpofu, futhi okunciphisiwe kokusatshalaliswa kwamakhaya, umphumela omkhulu wokuqina angatholwa.

2.5.3 Esters

Abakhulu abasetshenziswa kakhulu bangama-esters. Muva nje, PEG-8PPG-3 diisostuarate, Peg-90 diisostuarate ne-Peg-8pppg-3 Hlaiwaingle Lolu hlobo lwe-mperner lungokwamakhulu angewona ama-ionic, olusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lwesisombululo esisezingeni eliphezulu samanzi. Lezi zikhukhumenti azikho kalula i-hydrolyzed futhi zinokubonakala okunzile ngohlobo oluthile lwe-pH kanye lokushisa. Njengamanje esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-PEG-150 ngokungafani. Ama-ester asetshenziswe njengoba abakhulu ngokuvamile banezinsimbi ezinkulu zamangqamuzana, ngakho-ke banezici ezithile zamakhompiyutha e-polymer. Indlela yokuqina ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi enezici ezimbili ezinama-hydration esiGabeni esinamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela kufakwe ama-refficant micelles. Amakhompiyutha anjalo asebenza njenge-emollients nama-moisturizeds ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwawo njengabakhulu kwezimonyo.

2.5.4 Amine oxides

I-Amine Oxide uhlobo lwe-polar non-ionic survic survic, elibonakala ngo: Esikhaleni samanzi, ngenxa yomehluko wenani lekhambi lekhambi, futhi lingakhombisa izakhiwo ezinamandla ze-ionic. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi noma ze-alkali, okungukuthi, lapho i-pH inkulu kune noma ilingana no-7, amorine oxide ikhona njenge-hydrate engeyona eyenziwe ngesisombululo esingamanzi, ikhombisa okungewona ama-ionicity. Kwikhambi le-acidic, kukhombisa ama-cationcicity abuthakathaka. Lapho i-PH yesisombululo ingaphansi kuka-3, i-catiocicity of Amine oxide ibonakala ikakhulukazi, ngakho-ke ingasebenza kahle nge-cationic, anionic, annion kanye ne-zwitterionionic surffionionic ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile. Ukuhambisana okuhle futhi kubonise umphumela we-synergistic. U-Amine Oxide ungumkhulu ophumelelayo. Lapho i-PH ingu-6.4-7.5, i-Alkyl Dimethyl Amine oxide ingenza i-viscosity ifinyelele ku-13.5pa.S-18PA.S, ngenkathi i-ALKYL AMIDEPROPYL DIMETYL DIMETYL DIMETHYL

2,5.5 abanye

I-betheres embalwa kanye namafiphaza nawo angasetshenziswa njengabakhulu. Indlela yabo yokuqina ifana neyemanye ama-molecule amancane, futhi bonke bafinyelela umphumela wokuqina ngokuxhumana neMicelles esebenzayo. Izinsipho zingasetshenziselwa ukuqina ekuhlolweni kwezimonyo, futhi i-betaine isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezisebenza ngokusebenza.

2.6 I-Poly-soluble polymer mkhulu

Amasistimu agqinsiswe ngabakhudlwana be-polymeric abathintekayo abathintwa yi-PH yesisombululo noma ukugcwala kwe-electrolyte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhulu be-polymer badinga inani elincane ukufeza i-viscosity edingekayo. Isibonelo, umkhiqizo udinga umkhulu oqinile onjenge-DIethanolamide kakhukhunathi ngengxenye enkulu ye-3.0%. Ukufinyelela umphumela ofanayo, i-fiber kuphela engu-0.5% yePlain polymer yanele. Amakhompiyutha amaningi we-polymer ancibilikayo awasetshenziswa kuphela njengabakhulu embonini yezimonyo, kodwa futhi asetshenziswa njengabakhi be-ejenti abamisa, abahlakazekile kanye nama-ejenti wezitayela.

2.6.1 cellulose

I-Cellulose iyisikhulu esisebenza ngempumelelo ezinhlelweni ezisuselwa emanzini futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimonyo. I-Cellulose iyinto ephilayo yemvelo, equkethe amayunithi ama-glucoside aphindaphindwayo, futhi iyunithi ngayinye ye-glucoside iqukethe amaqembu ama-3 hydroxyl, lapho kuvela khona izinto zokutholwa ezahlukahlukene. Ama-cellulosic amikhulu akhula nge-hydration-ukuvuvukala amaketanga amade, futhi uhlelo olucwebezelayo olugqinsiwe lubonisa i-morphology ebonakalayo ye-pseudoplastic ye-psedogy. Ingxenyana ejwayelekile yokusebenzisa cishe i-1%.

2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid

Kunezinqubo ezimbili zokuqina ze-polylic acid, okungukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi kuqina kanye nokuqina kwe-hydrogen bonde. Ukungathathi hlangothi nokuqina kuwukuthi ungathathi hlangothi i-acidic polyacrylic acid nyouner ku-ionesie ama-molecule awo futhi akhiqize amacala amabi kanye ne-main chain kanye ne-main chain ye-polymer. Ukuxoshwa phakathi kwezindleko zobulili obufanayo kuthuthukisa ama-molecule ukuze aqonde futhi avulekele ukwenza inethiwekhi. Isakhiwo sifinyelela umphumela wokuqina; Ukuqina kwe-Hydrogen Bonding ukuthi i-polyacrylic acid Shide ihlanganiswe namanzi ukuze kwakhiwe i-molecule ye-hydroxy ye-10% -20% Amanani ahlukile we-PH, ama-neatrizer ahlukile kanye nokuba khona kosawoti obubilikile kunethonya elikhulu ekubonakaleni kohlelo lokuqina. Lapho inani le-PH lingaphansi kuka-5, ukubonakala kwandiswa ngokwanda kwenani le-PH; Lapho inani le-PH lingu-5-10, i-viscosity icishe ingashintshiwe; Kepha njengoba inani le-PH liyaqhubeka nokwanda, ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kuzokwehla futhi. I-Monosongent Ion yehlisa kuphela ukusebenza kahle kohlelo, ngenkathi uVallent noma i-Trivalent ion ayikwazi nje kuphela ohlelweni, kepha futhi ikhiqiza ama-infolcitates lapho okuqukethwe kwanele.

2.6.3 Irabha Yemvelo nemikhiqizo yayo eguquliwe

I-Natural Gum ikakhulukazi ifaka phakathi i-Collagen ne-polysaccharides, kepha insizwa yemvelo esetshenziswa njenge-swerener ikakhulukazi ikakhulukazi ama-polysaccharides. Indlela yokuqina ukwakha isakhiwo senethiwekhi enobukhulu obuthathu nge-hydration ngokusebenzisa ukuhlangana kwamaqembu amathathu e-hydroxcharide kuyunithi yama-polysaccharide ngama-molecule amanzi, ukuze kufinyelelwe umphumela wokuqina. Izinhlobo zezinto ezimbobo zazo izixazululo zazo ezinamanzi kakhulu uketshezi olungelona neNewTonian, kodwa izakhiwo ezi-Rheological zezixazululo ezithile ze-Durute zisondele kumanzi aseNewtonia. Umphumela wabo wokuqina ngokuvamile ahlobene nenani le-PH, izinga lokushisa, ukugxilisa kanye nezinye izikhathi zohlelo. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kakhulu, kanye nomthamo jikelele kungu-0.1% -1.0%.

2.6.4 ama-polymers e-inorganic kanye nemikhiqizo yawo eguquliwe

Abakwa-Inorganic polymer ngokuvamile banesakhiwo esibekiwe esinezingxenye ezintathu noma isakhiwo esandisiwe se-lattice. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziwusizo ezenzelwe ukuhweba ngeMontmorillonite neHectorite. Indlela yokuqina ukuthi lapho i-polymer ye-inorganic ihlakazeka emanzini, ama-ions wensimbi akunawo ahlukane nalo, njengoba i-hydration iyaqhubeka, iyaqubuka, futhi ekugcineni amakristalu e-lamellar ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele, okuholela ekusungulweni kwamakristalu e-anionic lamellar amakristalu ama-lamellar amakristali. kanye ne-ion yensimbi ekumiseni okusobala kwe-colloidal. Kulokhu, ama-lamellae anecala elingezinhle indawo kanye nenani elincane lenkokhiso emihle emakhoneni awo ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwama-lattice. Kwikhambi le-DICUTUTE, izindleko ezingezinhle ngaphezulu zingaphezulu kwamacala amahle emakhoneni, futhi izinhlayiya ziyaxosha, ngakho-ke ngeke kube nomphumela wokuqina. Ngokungezwa kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte, ukugcwala kwama-ion ku-Solution kukhuphuka futhi ukushaja okungaphezulu kwe-lamellae kuyancipha. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukusebenzisana okuyinhloko kuyashintsha kusuka kumandla anciphayo phakathi kwama-lamellae kumandla amabi phakathi kwamakhompiyutha angenayo ukwakha umphumela wokuqina. ukwakheka