Yini efakwa esikhundleni sabafakiwe?

I-cellulose i-cellulose afesthers iyiqembu lezinto ezihluke kakhulu nezisebenziseka ezibonakalayo ezisuselwa ku-cellulose, elinye lama-biopolymers anawo kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zimpoqo zikhiqizwa ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwamaqembu ama-hydroxyl (-Of) we-cellulose backbone, okuholela emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene enezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezicelo. Izicelo ziqala kusuka kwabezemithi, ukudla, imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu, izinto zokwakha, izindwangu, nokuningi.

Ukwakheka kwe-cellulose:
I-cellulose iyi-polysaccharide eqondile eyakhiwe kabusha ephindaphinda ama-glucose amayunithi axhumeke ama-β-1,4-glycosidic bond. Amayunithi aphindaphindwayo aqukethe amaqembu amathathu we-hydroxyl uphiko lwe-glucose, okwenza i-cellulose kakhulu i-hydrophilic futhi ithathelwe ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwamakhemikhali.

Ukuhlanganiswa kokuthathwa kwezimali okufakiwe kwe-cellulose:
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezithambekela ezifakiwe ze-cellulose ahlanganisa ukwethulwa kwamaqembu ahlukene asebenzayo kumaqembu e-hydroxy e-cellulose backbone. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlanganisa lezi zimpi zibandakanya ukusheshisa nokuchazwa.

Ukuphendula okuthe xaxa kubandakanya ukufaka indawo yamaqembu e-hydroxyl nge-ALKYL noma amaqembu a-ARYL ukwakha ukuxhumana kwe-ether. Lokhu kungatholakala ngokusabela ngama-alkyl haldes, ama-alkyl sulfates noma ama-alkyl asher ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Ama-alkylating agents asetshenziswa kakhulu kulokhu kusabela kufaka i-methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, kanye ne-benzyl chloride.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucaciswa, kubandakanya ukufaka esikhundleni seqembu le-hydroxyl ngeqembu le-acyl ukwakha ibhondi e-Ester. Lokhu kungatholakala ngokuphendula ngama-chloride acid, ama-anhydrides noma ama-acid e-PRETERSTS. Ama-ejenti asetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile kulokhu kusabela kufaka i-acetic anhydride, i-acetyl chloride, namafutha acid.

Izinhlobo zezithambekela ezifakiwe ze-cellulose:
Methyl cellulose (MC):

I-methylcellose ikhiqizwa ngokuthezeka kwe-cellulose nge-methyl chloride.
Kusetshenziswa kabanzi njengomuntu omkhulu, i-stabilizer kanye ne-emulsifier emidlalweni ehlukahlukene kubandakanya nokudla, amakhamishini nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu.
I-MC yakha ijeli elicacile lapho i-hydrate futhi ibonisa indlela yokuziphatha ye-pseudoplastic, okwenza ukuthi ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity.
I-HydroxYethylcellulose (HEC):

I-Hydroxyyethyl celtulose ihlelwe ngokuthethelwa kwe-cellulose ne-ethylene oxide.
Isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-reatriner, adhesive kanye ne-ejenti eyakha amafilimu ezitsheni, izimonyo, umuthi kanye neminye imikhakha.
I-HEC inika amandla okuziphatha kwe-pseudoplastic kwikhambi futhi ihlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokugcina amanzi.
I-Hydroxypropylcelcelcelcellulose (HPC):

I-Hydroxypropyl celtulose ikhiqizwa ukusheshisa kwe-cellulose ene-propelene oxide.
Isetshenziswa njengesikhulu, i-stabilizer kanye ne-binder ekwakhekeni kwemithi, ikakhulukazi ku-tablet coatings nezinhlelo zokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa ezilawulwayo.
I-HPC inezindawo ezishisayo, zakha ama-gels emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
I-Carboxymethylcelcellellulose (CMC):

I-Carboxymethylcellellulose ihlanganiswe ngokuthezeka kwe-cellulose ne-sodium monochlororote ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkali.
Kusetshenziswa kabanzi njengomuntu omkhulu, i-stabilizer kanye ne-emulsifier ekudleni, kwezicelo zemithi kanye nezimboni.
I-CMC inika i-viscosity nokuziphatha okunciphise ukuncipha kwizisombululo kanye nokwenza amafomu aqinile e-colloidal dispersions.
I-Ethyl Hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC):

I-Ethyl HydroxyEthyl celtulose iyi-ether evunyelwe ye-cellulose, ekhiqizwa ngokulandela ukuthengiswa okulandelanayo kwe-cellulose nge-oxide ne-ethyl chloride.
Isetshenziswa njengesikhulu, ukuguqulwa kwe-Rheology kanye nefilimu yangaphambilini ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezibandakanya ukugqoka, ukunamathela kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu.
I-Ehec ine-solubility yamanzi ephezulu kanye nokuhambisana kunezivumelwano zayo ezibangelwa esikhundleni.
Izici zokuphoqelelwa okufakiwe kwe-cellulose
Izakhiwo ze-Suplosed Itherther Telloser ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nezinga lokufaka esikhundleni, isisindo se-molecular kanye nesakhiwo samakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukukhombisa izici ezilandelayo:

I-Hydrophicility: I-cellulose afelroses efakwe esikhundleni se-hydrophilic ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu e-hydroxy ekwakhiweni kwawo, okubavumela ukuthi basebenzisane nama-molecule amanzi nge-hydrogen bonding.

Ukuqina kanye noGalelling: Izithambitha eziningi ezifakiwe ze-cellulose zinezakhiwo ezikhulayo nezigugu, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezixazululo ze-viscous noma ama-gels ku-hydration. I-Viscosity kanye ne-GEL amandla ancike ezintweni ezinjenge-polymer ukugxila kanye nesisindo se-molecular.

Ukwakheka kwamafilimu: Ezinye izithambekele ezikhundleni ezifakiwe zikwazi ukwakha amafilimu acacile futhi avumelana nezimo lapho aphonswa kwisixazululo. Le mpahla inezinzuzo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezembatho, anamathela, nezinhlelo zokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa ezilawulwayo.

Ukuqina: Izimpipho ezifakiwe ze-cellulose zivame ukukhombisa ukuzinza okuhle ngaphezu kwezimo eziningi zokushisa. Bamelana nokuwohloka kwe-microbial kanye ne-enzymatic hydrolysis, okwenza balungele ukusetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zokwakheka.

Ukuziphatha kwe-Rheological: Abakwa-cellulose bafaka izithasiselo ezikhundleni bavame ukukhombisa indlela yokuziphatha eshibilika ye-pseudoplastic noma ye-shear, okusho ukuthi ukubonakala kwabo kwehla ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-shear. Le mpahla ifiseleka kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukucubungula noma uhlelo lokusebenza.

Izicelo ze-Suprepured Aferther Tather:
Abakwa-cellulose bather ezikhundleni basetshenziswa kabanzi kwizimboni eziningi ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezisebenzayo. Ezinye izinhlelo ezibalulekile zifaka:

Imboni yokudla: I-Cellulose Afers efakwe esikhundleni njenge-carboxymethylcelcelulose (CMC) isetshenziswa njengabakhulu, abaqinisi kanye nama-emulsifiers ekudleni okufana nososo, ukugqoka nemikhiqizo yobisi. Bathuthukisa ukuthungwa, ukuqina kanye nomlomo ngenkathi kunwebeka impilo yeshelufu.

Izemithi: Izithambiso ze-cellulose ezifakiwe zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwemithi njengezihlasi Zithuthukisa ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa, ama-bioavailability kanye nokulandela iziguli.

Imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu Bathuthukisa ukuqina komkhiqizo, ukuthungwa kanye nezimpawu zemizwa.

Izinto zokwakha: Okunye okusetshenziselwa izithambiso ze-cellulose zisetshenziswa njengezengezo ezintweni zokwakha ezinjengemikhiqizo yokwakha usimende, udaka kanye nemikhiqizo esekwe ku-gypsum ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kanye nokunamathelisa. Bathuthukisa ukusebenza nokuqina kwalezi zinto zokwakha.

I-Textiles: Ithatha indawo ye-cellulose tifers ekushicilelweni kwendwangu nezinqubo zokuqeda ukuhlinzeka ngokulawulwa kwe-viscosity, ukunamathela bese ugeza ngokushesha. Basiza ekubekeni nasekuhlolweni kwamadayi kanye nemibala engxenyeni yendwangu ephansi.

Umkhakha wamafutha negesi: Faka esikhundleni sabasebenzi be-cellulose njenge-viscosifiers kanye nama-ejenti wokulahleka koketshezi wokumba uketshezi ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwemisebenzi yokushayela kawoyela kanye negesi.