1. Izinhlobo zabakhulu kanye nendlela yokuqina
(1) I-Inorganic Shidener:
Ama-inorganic amikhulu ezinhlelweni ezisuselwa emanzini anemikhawulo. Njenge: bentonite. I-Kaolin ne-Diatomaceous Earth (Ingxenye eyinhloko yiSio2, enesakhiwo se-porous) kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa njengezikhulu ezisizayo zezinhlelo zokuqina ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zokumiswa ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zokumiswa ngenxa yokumiswa kwawo. I-Bentonite isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuvuvukala kwayo okuphezulu. I-Bentonite (Bentonite), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Bentonite, i-Bentoni, njll. (NA, CE) (Al, Mg) 6 (Si4o10) 3 (oh) 6 • NH2O. Ukusebenza kwaphezulu kwe-bentonite kuvezwa ngamandla okwakha, okungukuthi, umthamo we-bentonite ngemuva kokuvuvukala nge-dilute hydrochloric acid Solution ibizwa ngokuthi yi-ML / GRAM. Ngemuva kokuthi u-Bentonite Mkhulu amunca amanzi futhi avuvukala, ivolumu ingafinyelela kaningi noma izikhathi eziyishumi ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthola amanzi, ngakho-ke inokumiswa okuhle, futhi ngoba kuyimpuphu ngosayizi ohle kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi kunamanye ama-powders ohlelweni lwamakhoti. Umzimba unomugqa omuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi ukhiqiza ukumiswa, kungashayela amanye ama-powders ukukhiqiza umphumela othile wokulwa nokulwa, ngakho-ke kusiza kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwesitoreji sohlelo.
Kepha ama-betonite amaningi e-sodium asuselwa e-sodium aguqulwa evela e-bentonite esekwe kwi-calcium ngokuguqulwa kwe-sodium. Ngasikhathi sinye se-soodimizatization, inani elikhulu lama-ion amahle anjenge-calcium ion nama-sodium ion azokhiqizwa. Uma okuqukethwe kwalezi zinhlaka kuhlelo luphezulu kakhulu, kuzokhiqizwa inani elikhulu lokungathathi hlangothi kwemali ekhokhwayo ngamacala amabi ngaphezulu kwe-emulsion, ngakho-ke ngezinga elithile, kungadala imiphumela emibi njengokuvuvukala kanye nokuvuvukala kwe-emulsion. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la ma-calcium ion nawo azoba nemiphumela emibi ehlakazekile kasawoti (noma ama-polyphosphate ahlakazayo), okwenza laba abahlukanisi banqume ohlelweni lwe-coating, ekugcineni baholele ekulahlekelweni kokuhlakazeka, okwenza kube mkhulu. Ukwenzeka okukhulu kwezulu nokufakelwa kwenzeke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuqina we-bentonite uthembele ku-powder ukumunca amanzi futhi wandise ukukhiqiza ukumiswa, ngakho-ke kuzoletha umphumela oqinile we-thixotropic ohlelweni oludingayo. Ngakho-ke, abakhudlwana be-bentonite inorganic abavame ukusetshenziswa ku-latex Paints, futhi kuphela inani elincane elisetshenziswa njengabakhudlwana kumapende we-latex ebangeni eliphansi noma upende we-latex. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, eminye imininingwane ikhombisile ukuthi ama-hemmings 'bentone®lt. I-hectocite eguqulwe ngendlela eguquliwe futhi ecwengekile ine-anti-sedimentation kanye nemiphumela ye-animation lapho isetshenziswa ku-Latex Paint Assess Airfless Spray Systems.
(2) I-CelLelose:
I-Cellulose iyi-polymer ephezulu yemvelo eyakhiwe ngokuvutha kwe-β-glucose. Kusetshenziswa izici zeqembu le-hydroxyl kwi-glucosyl ring, iselula akwazi ukubhekana nokuphendula okuhlukahlukene ukukhiqiza uchungechunge lwezinto zokutholwa. Phakathi kwazo, ukusabela okubonakalayo nokuqonda kuyatholakala. I-cellulose ester noma i-cellulose ether derivatives iyi-cellulose ebaluleke kakhulu etholakala. Imikhiqizo esetshenziswayo evame ukusetshenziswa yi-carboxymethyl cellulose, i-hydroxyyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose nokunye. Ngoba i-carboxymethyl celtulose iqukethe ama-sodium ions ancibilika kalula emanzini, futhi inani labanye likukhanyisa nge-bactelic, ngakho-ke kuvalwe kalula ngopende wamanzi, ngokuvamile asetshenziswe ku-latex paint, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ku-polyx talluy glue upende kanye nesipuni. Izinga lokuchithwa kwamanzi kwe-methylcellulose ngokuvamile liphansi kancane kunalelo le-hydroxyyethylcelcelculose. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka kube nenani elincane lento yokungena ngaphakathi ngesikhathi sokuchithwa, okuzothinta ukubukeka nokuzizwa kwefilimu yokuhlangana, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ku-Latex Paint. Kodwa-ke, ukungezwani komhlaba we-methyl aquali kuphansi kunakwezinye izixazululo zamanzi we-cellulose, ngakho-ke kuyisikhulu esihle se-cellulener esetshenziswa ku-tutty. I-Hydroxypropyllylylyk futhi i-cellulose sikhulu esetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni we-putty, futhi manje isisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-pumendes-based noma i-lime-baseki-based putty (noma ezinye izibopho ze-inOrganic). I-Hydroxyyethyl cellulose isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ze-latex Paint ngenxa ye-solubility yayo enhle yokubuyiselwa kwamanzi nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaselula, kunomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwamafilimu okuhlanganisa. Izinzuzo ze-Hydroxyethyl cellulose zifaka ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukuhambisana okuhle, ukuqina kwesitoreji esihle, nokuqina okuhle kwe-PH ukubonwa. Okubi abangenampilo bampofu ukulimaza kanye nokumelana kabi kwe-splash. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe lokhu kushiyeka, ukuguqulwa kwe-hydrophobic kuvele. I-hydroxyyethyylcellellulose ehlobene nobulili (I-HEC) efana ne-Natrosolplus330, 331
(3) Ama-polycarboxylates:
Kulesi polycarboxylate, isisindo esiphakeme samangqamuzana siwumkhulu, futhi isisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana sihlakazekile. Ikakhulukazi ama-molecule wamanzi e-adsorb eqoqweni elikhulu lohlelo, olukhulisa ukubonakala kwesigaba esihlakazekile; Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangaphinde bakhishwe ama-adsorbed ebusweni bezinhlayiya ze-latex ukwakha ungqimba lokuhlanganisa, olukhulisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana we-latex, lukhulisa i-hydration ungqimba lwe-latex, futhi lukhulisa ukubonana kwesigaba sangaphakathi se-latex. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lomkhulu lunokusebenza kahle okuphansi okuphansi, ngakho-ke kancane kancane kuqedwa kwizicelo ze-coating. Manje lolu hlobo olukhulu lusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekunciphiseni kombala paste, ngoba isisindo salo se-molecular sikhulu, ngakho-ke kuyasiza ekusetshenzisweni nasekuzinzelweni kokugcina kombala.
(4) I-Alkali-turen Shifner:
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zabakhulu be-alkali-sukumable: abakhulu be-alkali-sukumable kanye nabahlangene be-alkali-sukumable. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo ngumehluko kuma-monomers ahambisana nawo aqukethe ku-colectain enkulu yamangqamuzana. Abahlaseli abahlangene be-alkali-sukumable banama-copolymerives ngama-monomer ahlangene angahlekisa ngesixazululo esikhulu sekhethini, ngakho-ke ngemuva kwe-ionization esikhaleni esingamakhemikhali, i-apera-molecular adsorption engenzeka, okwenza ukuba i-viscosing yohlelo luvele, lubangela ukubonwa kohlelo kukhuphuke ngokushesha.
a. Umkhulu ojwayelekile we-alkali-tureluble:
Uhlobo lomkhiqizo oluphambili lomkhiqizo we-Alkali-turen Shidener ojwayelekile u-Ase-60. I-ASE-60 ikakhulukazi yamukela i-Copolymerization ye-methacrylic acid ne-ethyl acrylate. Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-Copolymerization, ama-akhawunti we-methacrylic acid acishe abe ngu-1/3 wokuqukethwe okuqinile, ngoba ukuba khona kwamaqembu e-carboxyl kwenza ukuba amaketanga ama-molecular enza isilinganiso esithile se-hydrophicity, futhi angathathi hlangothi inqubo eyakheka usawoti. Ngenxa yokuxoshwa kwamacala, amaketanga ama-molefaner ayandiswa, ekhulisa ukubonakala kohlelo futhi akhiqize umphumela wokuqina. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi isisindo samangqamuzana sikhulu kakhulu ngenxa yesenzo somenzeli oxhumanisayo. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwanda kwamaketanga ama-molecular, uchungechunge lwamangqamuzana aluhlakazwa kahle ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngesikhathi senqubo yesikhathi eside yokugcina, uchungechunge lwamangqamuzana luyelulwa kancane kancane, okuletha ukuqina kokubonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba zimbalwa ama-monophopobic monomers ochungechungeni lwama-molecular alolu hlobo lwe-sikhulu, akulula ukukhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrophobic phakathi kwama-molecule, ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lube yi-adsorption, ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lube nekhono eliphakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukusetshenziswa kuphela. Isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganiswa nabanye abakhulu.
b. Uhlobo lwenhlangano (Concord) Uhlobo lwe-Alkali ukuvuvukala okukhulu:
Lolu hlobo lomkhulu manje lunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ngenxa yokukhethwa kwama-monomers ahlangene kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana. Isakhiwo saso esiyinhloko sokuchungechunge siphinde sakhiwa kakhulu nge-methacrylic acid kanye ne-ethylo acrylate, futhi ama-monomers ahlangene afana ne-antennae esesakhiweni, kodwa kuphela inani elincane lokusatshalaliswa. Yilawa ma-monomers ahlangene afana nama-octopus amatende adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokuqina. Iqembu le-carboxyl esesakhiweni alithathi hlangothi futhi lakhiwa usawoti, futhi uchungechunge lwama-molecular lufana nomkhulu ojwayelekile we-alkali-turen. Ukuphazamiseka okufanayo kwenziwa, ukuze kufetshwe uchungechunge lwama-molecular. I-monomer yokuzihlanganisa nayo nayo iyanda ngochungechunge lwamangqamuzana, kepha isakhiwo salo liqukethe amaketanga amakhethini e-hydrophilic kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu se-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke isakhiwo esikhulu se-micellar esifana ne-surcactants sizokhiqizwa ku-molecule noma phakathi kwama-molecule. Lawa ma-Micelles akhiqizwa yi-mutual adsorption of Association Momers, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ze-monomers addelbor ngomunye umphumela wokubopha wezinhlayiya ze-emulsion (noma ezinye izinhlayiya). Ngemuva kokuthi ama-MiClelles akhiqizwa, alungisa izinhlayiya ze-emulsion, izinhlayiya zama-molecule noma ezinye izinhlayiya ohlelweni ngesimo esisezingeni eliphansi njenge-molecule (ukuze izinhlayiya) zibuthakathaka futhi ukubonwa kohlelo kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwalolu hlobo lwe-sikhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Latex Paint enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-emulsion, kunomkhulu kakhulu kunalokho okwejwayelekile okujwayelekile kwe-alkali-turen, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa kabanzi ku-latex Paint. Ummeli womkhiqizo oyinhloko uhlobo lwe-TT-935.
(5) I-Associative Polyurethane (noma i-polythelekile) ukuqina kanye ne-ejenti yokulinganisa:
Ngokuvamile, abakhulu banesisindo esiphakeme kakhulu samangqamuzana (njenge-cellulose kanye ne-acrylic acid), futhi amaketanga awo amangqamuzana anwetshwa ngesisombululo sohlelo. Isisindo se-molecular se-polyurethane (noma i-polyther) sincane kakhulu, futhi ikakhulukazi sakha inhlangano ngokuxhumana kwe-van der Waals Force of Lipophilic ingxenye yengxenye ye-lipophilic phakathi kwama-molecule, kepha leli qembu lenhlangano libuthakathaka, futhi inhlangano ingebuthakathaka, futhi inhlangano ingenziwa ngaphansi kwamandla athile angaphandle. Ukwahlukana, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa i-viscosity, kulungele ukuvelela kwefilimu yokuhlanganisa, ngakho-ke kungadlala indima ye-ejenti yokulinganisa. Lapho amandla e-shear eqedwa, ingaqhubeka kabusha ukuhlangana, futhi ukubonwa kohlelo kukhuphuka. Le nto inenzuzo ukunciphisa ukuhlakanipha futhi wandise ukwengeza ngesikhathi sokwakha; Futhi ngemuva kokuthi ibutho le-shear lilahlekile, ukubonwa kuzobuyiselwa ngokushesha ukwandisa ubukhulu befilimu yokuhlanganisa. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo, sikhathazeke kakhulu ngomphumela wokuqina wabalingisi abanjalo abahlangene kuma-polymer emulsions. Izinhlayiya ze-latex eziphambili ze-polynjabulo nazo zibamba iqhaza kulolo hlelo, ukuze lolu hlobo lwe-lukhuni kanye ne-ejenti yokuqina futhi lube nomphumela omuhle kakhulu (noma ukuqina) umphumela lapho kuphansi kunokuhlushwa kwayo okubucayi; Lapho ukuqunjelwa kwalolu hlobo lwe-ejenti yokuqina nokulinganisa lapho kuphakeme kunamandla alo abucayi emanzini amsulwa, kungakha izinhlangano zodwa, futhi i-viscosity ikhuphuka ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, lapho lolu hlobo lwe-Elenting and Agent ekhulayo luphansi kunokuhlushwa kwalo okubucayi, ngoba izinhlayiya ze-latex zibamba iqhaza enkambisweni eyingxenye, incane usayizi we-emulsion, iqine le nhlangano, futhi ukubonakala kwayo kuzokwanda ngokwanda kwenani le-emulsion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abahluphekayo (noma abakhulu be-acrylic) baqukethe izakhiwo ze-hydrophobic, futhi amaqembu abo e-hydrophobic ahlangana nalawo we-polyurethane, ukuze uhlelo lube yisakhiwo esikhulu senethiwekhi, esilungele ukuqina.
2. Imiphumela yabakhulu abahlukahlukene ekumelaneni namanzi okuhlukanisa kwamanzi ngopende we-latex
Ekwakhiweni okwakha amapendo asuselwa emanzini, ukusetshenziswa kwabakhulu kuyisixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu, esihlobene nezakhiwo eziningi ze-latex Paints, njengokwakha, ukuthuthukiswa kombala, ukugcinwa nokugcinwa nokubukeka. Lapha sigxila kumthelela wokusetshenziswa kwabakhulu ekugcinweni kwe-latex Paint. Ukusuka kwesingeniso esingenhla, singazi ukuthi i-bentonite ne-polycarboxylates: izinhlanzi zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi kwezingubo ezithile ezikhethekile, ezingeke zixoxwe lapha. Sizoxoxa ikakhulu iselula esetshenziswa kakhulu, ukuvuvukala kwe-alkali, kanye ne-polyurethane (noma i-polytheth) ubukhulu, futhi ngokuhlanganiswa, kuthinta ukumelana kwamanzi okumelana kwamapende we-latex.
Yize ukuqina nge-hydroxyethyl celtulose kuphela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni kwamanzi, kulula ukuqinisa ngokulinganayo. Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kokuqina kwe-alkali ukuvuvukala akunakho ukwahlukana kwamanzi kanye nemvula kodwa ukuqina okukhulu ngemuva kokuqina. Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwe-polyurethane, yize ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi kanye nokuqina kokuqina kokuqina akukubi, kepha ukukhiqizwa okukhiqizwayo kunzima futhi kunzima ukuvusa. Futhi yamukela i-hydroxyethyl cellulose kanye ne-alkali ukuvuvukala okuhlanganisiwe, akukho ukuqina okuthunyelwe, akukho zulu elinzima, okulula ukuvuse, kepha kukhona inani elincane lamanzi. Kodwa-ke, lapho i-hydroxyethyl celtule Ukuqina kwe-alkali-turen kanye ne-polyurethane kusetshenziswa ndawonye, yize ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi ngokuyisisekelo akukho ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi, kepha ngemuva kokuqina, futhi ukuqina phansi kunzima ukuqinisa ngokulinganayo. Futhi owokugcina usebenzisa inani elincane le-hydroxyethyl celtulose enokuvuvukala kwe-alkali kanye ne-polyurethane ukuqina ukuze ube nesimo somfaniswano ngaphandle kwezulu nokwehlukaniswa kwamanzi. Kungabonakala ukuthi ohlelweni oluhlanzekile lwe-acrylic emulsion olune-hydrophobicity eqinile, luncane kakhulu ukuqina isigaba samanzi nge-hydrophilic hydroxyethyyl celtuleose, kepha singashukunyiswa kalula ngokulinganayo. Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwe-hydrophobic alkali ukuvuvukala kanye ne-polyurethane (noma i-compunder yabo) ukuqina, yize ukusebenza okulwa namanzi kungcono, kodwa bobabili kukhulu ngemuva kwalokho, futhi uma kukhona imvula, okunzima ukuqinisa ngokulinganayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cellulose kanye ne-polyurethane ehlanganisiwe, ngenxa yomehluko akude kakhulu kumanani we-hydrophilic nase-lipophilic, kuphumela ekuhlukaniseni kwamanzi okubucayi nasekuvutheni kwezulu, kepha i-sediment ithambile futhi kulula ukuvusa. Ifomula yokugcina inokusebenza okungcono kakhulu kokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokulinganisela okungcono phakathi kwe-hydrophilic ne-lipophilic. Vele, kwinqubo yangempela yokwakha ifomula inqubo, izinhlobo zama-emulsion kanye nama-ejenti nama-ejenti asabalalisayo namanani awo e-hydrophilic kanye ne-lipophilic kufanele futhi kubhekwe. Kuphela lapho befika esele esele kungenzeka uhlelo lube sesimweni sokulingana kwe-thermodynamic futhi ube nokumelana kwamanzi okuhle.
Ohlelweni lokuqina, ukuqina kwesigaba samanzi kwesinye isikhathi kuhambisana nokwanda kokubonakala kwesigaba samafutha. Isibonelo, ngokuvamile sikholelwa ukuthi abakhulu be-cellulose baqina isigaba samanzi, kepha i-cellulose isatshalaliswa esigabeni samanzi
Isikhathi sePosi: Feb-14-2025